Though not required, you may use a URITK page to gather your research for your final exam. The questions that you should address include:

  • What is the problem or issue?
  • Why is this issue important?
  • What is the historical roots of this problem? What has been tried in the past?
  • What are the current approaches?
  • How does this problem/issue relate to RI schools? Is there evidence of a connection to the schools/districts/communities that we researched earlier?
  • What are your views, opinions, concerns, or solutions related to the problem?

After Criticism, the Administration Is Praised for Final Rules on Education Grants

Obama has proposed a "Race to the Top" program, in which states can receive grants for improving their education. In all, there is $4 billion that can be given to schools. By mid-January applications must be completed in order to compete for the grants. The applications are judged based off a 500 point award system. Points are distributed in the following manner: 125 for having a detailed agenda of change, 70 for creating higher standards and higher quality tests, 47 for making computerized systems that track students' progress, 138 for recruiting quality teachers, 50 for turning around failing school, 40 for the growth of charter schools, and 30 for other miscellaneous changes. The majority of points are focused on "rewarding for work on new standardized tests". States will receive money based on their size, meaning that the four largest states, California, Texas, New York, and Florida, will be able to receive between $350-$700 million.

A $4 Billion Push for Better Schools

Obama Hopes Funding Will Be Powerful Incentive in 'Race to the Top'

  • $4.35 billion in federal aid grants
  • accept more charter schools and performance pay for teachers
  • ease limits on charter schools, tie teacher pay to student achievement and move for the first time toward common academic standards
  • leverage to drive the president's education agenda in Rhode Island, Tennessee, Colorado and elsewhere
  • US trails in math and science compared to other countries
  • Obama wants to incorporate teacher unions, unlike NCLB
    • many teachers may resist the changes that come along with this program
  • bringing the federal government into an area controlled mostly by state and local governments
  • money given to states that back up the fact that students scores and teachers are improving
  • voluntary program: states do not have to participate
  • teachers fear they will be fired if their students perform low
  • law enacted in February
  • Advice:
    • create data systems to show students progress with teachers
    • lift limits on charter schools
  • Money awarded in two waves in 2010
    • $350 million to the 46 states that have signed to make common academic standards
  • Rhode Island legislature debated $1.5 million in spending for two charter schools
    • underfunding ---> competitive disadvantage

Obama’s ‘Race to the Top’

Who’ll blink first: the unions, or the White House?

  • can no longer blame a "lack of money" as the big problem
  • U.S. as a whole spent $667 billion on K-12 education in the 2008-09 school year alone
    • $553 billion in 2006-07
  • reading scores on standardized test have remained the same for many years (not increasing)
  • black and hispanic students still have lower standardized tests scores and graduation rates
  • "Race to the Top" only rewards states that improve their academics, raise teacher standards, increase number of charter schools
  • National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers
    • two teacher unions that oppose the idea of being paid for student performance vs. credentials and seniority
  • is Obama willing to withhold grants from crucial states
  • Rhode Island already passed charter laws, hoping to get in the front of the grant process
    • charter schools generally produce better results and require less money

Report on Public School

Funding: Factors in Washington County Rhode Island

  • RI is below average in supporting education
  • 2004: average state funding is 49.1%, RI is only 37%
    • majority of money goes to urban districts
  • Salaries and benefits are accelerating beyond towns’ ability to fund with the property tax system alone
  • property taxes is the main funding source
    • land wealth doesn't necessarily correlate with the wealth of a family
    • housing such as apartments does not provide enough money for the amount of students coming from them
  • there is no state formula for education funding
    • ex. 60/40 split (State = 60 percent, local = 40 percent)
  • urban=$6,550 per pupil compared to suburban= $2,114 and rural=$2,369

President Obama on Race to the Top


  • Arnie Duncan, Secretary of Education
  • "Future belongs to the nation that best educates its people. period." -Obama
  • we are being outpaced in math and science
  • "Improving education is centrail to rebuilding the economy" -Obama
  • out aside $4 billion
    • largest amount for education in american history
  • not every state will receive the grant
  • create higher and clearer standards
    • common set of standards
    • thoughtful assessments of problem solving and creativity
      • so far 46 states are in the process of creating this
  • plan is based off "whether a state is ready to do what works"
  • teachers performance will be based off of yearly data
  • some schools this it's unlawful to link student and teacher performance
    • will have to change their ways if they want to receive a grant

Sources of Funding in Rhode Island


  • Local= 57%, $1,184.5 million
  • State= 36%, $753.9 million
  • Federal= 7%, 143.5 million

Foundations of American Education

  • Tenth Amendment
    • states have the power to provide for public education
    • education is nationalized in many other parts of the world
    • each state has its own laws by which it funds schools
  • Fourteenth Amendment
    • equal education opportunity

Savage Inequalites

  • pg. 207: "property taxes and the localization of the uses of those taxes have combined to make the public school into an educator the educated rich and a keeper for the uneducated poor. There is no more powerful force for rigidity of social class and the frustration of natural potential..."
  • pg. 208: basic formula for financing schools is a "foundation program"
    • local taxes on the property value of homes and businesses initially pays for the running of public school
    • for wealthy areas, property taxes are usually sufficient funding
      • in less wealthy areas, property taxes are not enough to pay for schools
    • state provides more fund to try to even out the wealthy and poorer districts
      • that state gives money to all school districts (even wealthy), so often the impoverished areas still suffer